“Ellines”: Greeks or those of Hellenic descent
 

Areté: Virtue, excellence, or moral goodness
 

Aristotle: A Greek philosopher who believed that life should be spent fulfilling one’s potential, not through wealth or pleasure but through deep reasoning and character development.
 

Ataraxia: A state of serene calmness
 

Diaspora: A group of people who have dispersed from their homeland but maintain a strong connection to their identity and heritage.
 

“Einai krios”: Someone is cold or bitter towards others
 

Epicurus: A Greek philosopher who advocated living through pleasure—meaning with the absence of pain or fear—through moderation and building strong friendships with others.
 

“Ethos anthrōpō daimōn”: “A person’s character is their destiny” 
 

Eudaimonia: The state of good spirit or happiness
 

Heraclitus: A Greek philosopher who believed the world was in a state of constant flux and argued that conflict between opposites is necessary for existence and harmony.
 

Hippocrates: Known as “the father of Western medicine,” Hippocrates believed that illness resulted from the imbalance of bodily humors and established the core of medical ethics. 
 

Hippocratic Oath: A historic pledge outlining professional ethics and obligations physicians must fulfill. This oath is attributed to Hippocrates, the “father of Western medicine.”
 

Idiōtikos: A citizen not involved in public affairs
 

Kalokagathia: Represents the interconnectedness of a beautiful body and noble soul
 

Koinonia: Fellowship, partnership, or community
 

Philotimo: Directly translates to “love of honor” but represents a Greek ideal motivating people to do the right thing: helping others while expecting nothing in return and carrying oneself with dignity and empathy.
 

Phronēsis: A sense of practical wisdom and the ability to make rational judgements in uncertain situations.
 

Plato: A Greek philosopher who believed that life consisted of “perfect” forms apart from the constantly changing and “imperfect” physical world. He also represented the ideal that justice in society stems from three distinct parts of the soul: intellect, spirit, and appetite.
 

Politeia: Represents the functioning of a city-state, citizenship, and a well-organized community.
 

Politikon: Refers to society in a political, social, and civic way.
 

Polis: A city-state in ancient Greece
 

Socratic Method: A form of argumentative dialogue where someone asks probing questions to stimulate critical thinking and deep analysis. 
 

Socrates: A Greek philosopher who famously said, “The unexamined life is not worth living.” He advocated for action based on reasoning and thorough self-examination.
 

Sophrosyne: Excellence of character that is characterized by moderation, temperance, and self-control.
 

Stoicism: A Hellenistic philosophy that emphasizes living in accordance with nature: people cannot control external events, but they can control their reactions to them.